INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Information and communication technologies that makethings easy, fast and securenot just appear in the form that we now enjoy.
The development of information and communication technology takes many years.
Information or data that has been processed initially delivered in the form of soundfrom mouth to mouth. Along with human development, delivery of such information isdeemed ineffective. Two or more people who are far apart and about to exchange information should be a long journey to do so.
Then came the information submitted in writing by mail. Submission of written information is growing with the advent of postal services. Not quite up to here, a form ofinformation began to change. Informasiyang exchange shaped the sound made by therecording media (tapes), telephone, until the radio signal. Finally, information can be displayed in the audio visual thanks to the emergence of television. Occurrencestelelvisi triggering the open information era. Events or information in a rapidly around the world can be known by people in other parts of the world.
File exchange, information delivery, and other forms of communication not only lastedthrough the medium of radio, television, and telephones, but also through the medium of the computer in the form of digital data. Computer networks and the Internet makesdigital information is exchanged easily and quickly.

Judging from the wording, information and communication technology is composed of3 (three) said that each has its own meaning. The first word, technology, means thedevelopment and application of tools, machines, materials and processes that helppeople solve the problem. The term technology is often described the discovery of new tools that use the principles and process of scientific discovery.
Said second and third, namely information and communication, closely related to the data. Information is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing a bunch of data that gives the value of knowledge (knowledge) for its users. Communication is a process of delivering information (messages, ideas, ideas) from one party to anotherthat occurred in the interplay between the two. In general, communication is done byusing words (verbal) that can be understood by both parties. If there is no verballanguage that can be understood by both, the communication can still be done non-verbally using body movements or indicate a particular attitude, such as smiling,shaking his head, or shrug.
Many opinions that define the information and communication technologies withdifferent languages. Australian National Training Authority (Anta) defines information technology as a technology development and application of computer andcommunications-based technologies for processing, presenting, managing data, andinformation. This definition includes the manufacture of hardware and computer components, computer software development and other computer-related services,together with communications equipment and the manufacture of components andservices. According to the Oxford Dictionary Home edition 2, the definition ofinformation technology is the hardware (hardware) and software (software), includingnetworking and telecommunications which are usually included in a business context orbusiness. The term information technology becomes part of the operations ofelectronic devices that utilize a computer.
The word has its own meaning and information in its application requires a specifictool or hardware. So is the word communication. Now we know so manycommunication tools that make distance no longer an issue as long as thecommunication tools available. Information can be displayed or communicated to adistant destination using the tools below.

● The computer, which is a useful tool to process data into information according toprocedures that have been formulated previously.

● Projector LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), which is a tool to display information from a computer or other information media such as DVD Player. This tool has the advantageof being able to show the video format information. LCD projectors are often used as apresentation tool or a medium of learning in the classroom.

● OHP (Over Head Projector), which is a tool to display static information that is writtenon plastic transparencies. Unlike LCD projectors, OHP can only display still images.This tool comes first before the LCD projector is found.

● Radio, which is the receiver of information originating from the transmitting station in the form of electromagnetic waves that carry sound information. These wavespropagate through the air passing and even propagate through the vacuum of space.

● Television, which is the receiver of information in the form of images and sounds.Television comes from the word tele (distant) and vision (looks / visual). That is,information can be transmitted from the remote and receiver of information requires adevice called a television to receive information in the form of sound and visuals.

● Internet, namely the relationship between computers in a global network that allowseach computer to exchange information. The relationship between these computersuse what's called Internet protocol (Internet Protocol). Internet connects computers around the world whose numbers may reach hundreds of millions of pieces.

● GPS (Global Positioning System), which is an information tool function to determinethe location, direction or speed of objects in the earth's surface. Generally, GPSFunction and Work Process Equipment Information and Communication Technology3D is placed in a car or other vehicle. With GPS, motorists can know its position at any time. 

● Faximile, which is a tool to send and receive documents over telephone lines.Documents sent by facsimile exactly match the original document. In simple terms,similar to the workings Facsimile copier or scanner, only the output came out in a long distance. Of course, the sender and receiver must both have a fax machine to transmitinformation in this way.

● Satellite communications, ie man-made objects placed in space fortelecommunication purposes. There are various satellite functions, for example, totransmit signals from television stations. Waves emitted by television stations beamedinto space in advance and received by the satellite, and then forwarded to the regionsthat are difficult to reach by the transmitting antenna at Earth's surface.
In addition to television broadcasts, satellites are also used for military purposes and navigation.

● Phone, which is useful communication tool to send voice data via electrical signals.

● Mobile or cellular phone, the mobile communication device to send voice data.Cellular phones use electromagnetic waves as the medium of conductor. Excesscellular phones than regular phone is its portability. In Indonesia, there are two types ofmobile phone networks, namely GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications)and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Today, cell phones are not only useful as a means of voice communication only. Many other features that owned a mobile phone, including SMS (Short Message Services), MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services), WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), GPRS (General Packet RadioServices), video call, FM radio, and television

● Modem, which is hardware that functions convert digital signals into electrical signalsthat can propagate through the phone, and vice versa. Modem is an important devicefor accessing the Internet.

Among the information technology and communications equipment, computers areyangterpenting so that will be discussed specifically. The word computer comes from the Latin meaning computare count. The word later became the English language tocompute the same meaning. Tracing the origin he said, the basic functions are ascalculators and computers. Today, the function of computers has greatly developedover the function of origin. Computers not only be of calculators, but has become partof modern communication tools.
There are several ways to classify a computer. Based on its usefulness, the computercan be divided into two kinds, namely:

1. general-purpose computers, the computers are in general use for everyday activities, such as typing a document, calculate, create graphic design, or statisticaldata processing.
2. special purpose computer, the computer designed for specific jobs, for examplecomputer used to control machines in the factory. Such computers are typically used tohandle large-scale systems.

The second grouping is a grouping of computers based on its capacity. According tothis grouping, the computer can be divided into four categories, namely:
a. microcomputer or personal computer
b. minicomputer
c. mainframe computer
d. supercomputers.

In addition to these two groupings above, the computer can be grouped by type ofsignal it is processed. According to this grouping, the computer can be divided intothree types, namely:
a. digital computers (computers that work with digital signals)
b. analog computer (a computer that works with analog signals)
c. hybrid computer (a computer that works with digital signals or analog signals).
Computers as we know it currently works using the von Neumann architectureproposed by John von Neumann in the early 1940s. This architecture divides the computer into 4 main sections, namely:
a. Arithmatics Logic Unit (ALU) or Arithmetic and Logic Unit
b. control unit
c. memory
d. input-output.
The computer system has a definite cycle of data processing. Data processing cycleitself refers to the meaning of the word computer, which calculates. The computer system has three main components namely input, process and output. The processitself depends on the software and storage or storage media. Below are some termsrelating to the three parts of a computer system that you need to understand.
a. Input, which is an activity of entering data into the computer. The data can be datainformation and command data / instruction. In processing the input, the computerrequires an input device called the input device (input device).
b. Process, namely data processing which has been entered into the computer. The computer will process the data using a tool called the processor.
c. The bus, which is a liaison between the tool path on a computer that serves as a medium to pass the signal.
d. Programs, which are collections of instructions to be executed by the processor.Computer program called software or software.
e. Storage, ie data storage media. The computer has a storage medium for storingdata that has been selasai processed.
f. Output, which displays the results of data processing activities both on screen and inprinted form.

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